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		<title>STILL HANGING</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jul 2007 18:44:55 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[STILL HANGING Al-Ahram Weekly &#8211; July 7, 2007 The case of opposition leader Ayman Nour continues to drag on, with any decision on his release from prison delayed until the end of July by Mona El-Nahhas The Administrative Court will give a final ruling on whether opposition leader Ayman Nour can be released from prison [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=68&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 class="pageTitle" align="left">STILL HANGING</h2>
<p class="contentMain" align="justify"><em>Al-Ahram  Weekly &#8211; July 7, 2007</p>
<p>The case of opposition leader Ayman Nour  continues to drag on, with any decision on his release from prison delayed until  the end of July</em></p>
<p><strong>by Mona El-Nahhas</strong></p>
<p>The  Administrative Court will give a final ruling on whether opposition leader Ayman  Nour can be released from prison on health grounds on 31 July, the court panel  hearing Nour&#8217;s petition decided on Tuesday.</p>
<p>Asked whether she thought the  court would rule in Nour&#8217;s favour, Nour&#8217;s wife Gamila Ismail told reporters that  nothing could be predicted.</p>
<p>Nour&#8217;s defence team had asked the panel to  issue a final ruling on Tuesday, arguing that they had submitted all the  documents asked for by the court. The presiding judge responded that the court  needed more time to study documents presented by both Nour&#8217;s lawyers and the  government.</p>
<p>Medical reports, compiled by leading professors of forensic  medicine, had been submitted to the court by Nour&#8217;s defence, questioning earlier  reports submitted by the Forensic Medicine Authority which had concluded Nour&#8217;s  current health did not justify early release.</p>
<p>During Tuesday&#8217;s hearing  session lawyers representing the government had objected to the submission of  independent reports, arguing their neutrality could not be guaranteed. Nour had  been suffering from diabetes, heart problems and hypertension long before he was  jailed, said the government lawyers, and there was no evidence to suggest his  condition had deteriorated since his detention. Any release on health grounds  remains conditional: i.e. should the prisoner&#8217;s health improve sufficiently  following release he would be returned to prison.</p>
<p>The court has linked  Nour&#8217;s case to that of a second prisoner, Ahmed Mazloum, who is also seeking  release on health grounds. Both cases, said the court, should be heard in tandem  and any judgement will have to wait for the official report into Mazloum&#8217;s  medical condition. Following delays on the part of the state&#8217;s Forensic Medicine  Authority in compiling Mazloum&#8217;s medical report, his relatives have appealed to  leading forensic specialists to help compile an independent assessment of  Mazloum&#8217;s condition.</p>
<p>During Tuesday&#8217;s session government lawyers asked  the court to delay its ruling until the official report is ready and to  disregard unofficial reports. The panel replied that it was not the prerogative  of lawyers to dictate what the court should do.</p>
<p>Nour, former chairman of  the liberal Al-Ghad Party and a candidate in Egypt&#8217;s first contested  presidential elections, was jailed in December 2005 on charges of forging the  signatures needed for his party to be licensed. If released, Nour would be  banned from re- entering politics.</p>
<p>The State Jurisdiction Authority &#8212;  representing the government &#8212; filed an appeal before the Higher Administrative  Court contesting the Cairo Administrative Court&#8217;s right to hear Nour&#8217;s petition.  On Monday, the Higher Administrative Court decided to delay the hearing of the  appeal until 2 September.</p>
<p>Nour&#8217;s petition has long been dogged by  struggles between various legal bodies over which has the right to decide  whether or not he is released. Prosecutor-General Abdel-Meguid Mahmoud earlier  argued that it was his prerogative to decide whether or not Nour was eligible  for early release on health grounds, though when Nour appealed to Mahmoud asking  for a release, the prosecutor-general, in what was interpreted as an attempt to  avoid any embarrassment with the regime should he feel compelled to order a  release, referred the petition to the Criminal Court which had originally  sentenced Nour. Nour subsequently filed a case against Mahmoud before the  Administrative Court.</p>
<p>Many legal experts believe the battle over  prerogatives is being orchestrated with the aim of avoiding the implementation  of any ruling should the court find in Nour&#8217;s favour.</p>
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		<title>&#8220;QUESTA SINISTRA CI ALLONTANA DALL&#8217;UE&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com/2007/07/07/questa-sinistra-ci-allontana-dallue/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jul 2007 18:44:25 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;QUESTA SINISTRA CI ALLONTANA DALL&#8217;UE&#8221; Il Messaggero &#8211; 7 luglio 2007 Bonino: i presidenti delle Camere? Due ex sindacalisti, non facciano i guastatori di Marco Conti ROMA &#8211; Ministro Bonino, Prodi ha annunciato a breve una sua proposta &#8220;prendere o lasciare&#8221;. Mediazione doverosa o mediazione tardiva? «Credo sia una mediazione necessaria perché è doveroso, questo [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=67&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 class="pageTitle" align="left">&#8220;QUESTA SINISTRA CI ALLONTANA DALL&#8217;UE&#8221;</h2>
<p class="contentMain" align="justify"><em>Il Messaggero  &#8211; 7 luglio 2007</p>
<p>Bonino: i presidenti delle Camere? Due ex  sindacalisti, non facciano i guastatori</em></p>
<p><strong>di Marco  Conti</strong></p>
<p>ROMA &#8211; <strong>Ministro Bonino, Prodi ha annunciato a breve una  sua proposta &#8220;prendere o lasciare&#8221;. Mediazione doverosa o mediazione tardiva?  </strong></p>
<p>«Credo sia una mediazione necessaria perché è doveroso, questo sì,  dare una risposta alle esigenze del Paese. Non si tratta di mediare per trovare  una soluzione tecnica quanto di porre finalmente al centro del negoziato le  priorità dello stato sociale, di cui le pensioni sono solo una parte, anche se  assorbono in Italia il 61,3% della spesa previdenziale, rispetto al 45,9% della  media europea».</p>
<p><strong>Non pensa sia stato un errore mettere mano ad una  delle poche riforme della passata maggioranza? </strong></p>
<p>«Fermo restando che  l&#8217;innalzamento dell&#8217;età pensionabile è un obiettivo di ogni governo in Europa, e  deve esserlo anche di questo, la riforma della passata maggioranza pone  certamente, anche se per un numero limitato di persone &#8211; 120.000 &#8211; un problema  di equità. Perché il salto è brusco. A questo problema dobbiamo far fronte senza  però compromettere le finanze pubbliche».</p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;ala riformista della  maggioranza non rischia di dover subire una nuova mediazione al  ribasso?</strong></p>
<p>«Noi radicali e Rosa nel pugno abbiamo da tempo chiarito le  nostre posizioni e molte altre voci si sono fatte sentire con forza:  sostenibilità dei conti pubblici e attenzione verso l&#8217;intera società e non solo  verso minoranze. Mi auguro che il Presidente del Consiglio, da sempre attento a  queste esigenze, sappia trovare la giusta sintesi».</p>
<p><strong>Bertinotti  avverte il rischio di crisi. Condivide?</strong></p>
<p>«Beh, da che pulpito! A me  pare che sia la sinistra comunista a soffiare sul fuoco, arroccandosi su  posizioni che ci allontanano drammaticamente dall&#8217;Europa, e che usa la crisi di  governo come una clava per non trovare una soluzione, trincerandosi dietro  posizioni ideologiche, quando non corporative».</p>
<p><strong>Che ne pensa dei  ripetuti interventi dei due presidenti delle Camere su materie di confronto  politico? </strong></p>
<p>«Visto il trascorso da sindacalisti di entrambi, non mi  sorprendo! Ma sarebbe auspicabile, in virtù della loro alta funzione, che  agissero più come facilitatori del dibattito che come guastatori del  negoziato&#8230;».</p>
<p><strong>La riforma va fatta nell&#8217;interesse di coloro che hanno  iniziato a lavorare molto presto o dei giovani? </strong></p>
<p>«In realtà il  dibattito è tutto teso a risolvere il problema di &#8220;pochi&#8221;. Anche se avessimo i  soldi, questo non è il problema prioritario. Lo sono invece i giovani ai quali  dovremmo destinare molti più interventi e più risorse di quelle finora dedicati  in questo confronto. E` sulla previdenza dei giovani che dobbiamo investire;  sulla maggiore partecipazione al lavoro delle donne, anzitutto prevedendo più  servizi».</p>
<p><strong>Teme un declassamento del debito italiano?  </strong></p>
<p>«Senza essere facili Cassandre con un debito superiore al 100% del  Pil siamo quotidianamente sotto osservazione. Questo Governo rientrerà nei  prossimi anni sotto questa cifra se saprà fare importanti riforme strutturali.  Diversamente, continueremo a ballare sul ponte del Titanic, con Giordano,  Epifani e Diliberto a fare da orchestrina».</p>
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		<title>JOHANNESBURG UN RIENTRO PER IL SISTEMA ITALIA</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jul 2007 18:42:54 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[AFRICA/ BONINO: A JOHANNESBURG UN RIENTRO PER IL SISTEMA ITALIA Da un lancio ApCom di ieri, venerdì 6 luglio 2007 Non è un arrivo ma un rientro in Sudafrica quello che prepara l&#8217;Italia con la missione di Confindustria e Ice da lunedì prossimo, a partire da Johannesburg: lo sottolinea il ministro del Commercio Estero Emma [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=66&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 class="pageTitle" align="left">AFRICA/ BONINO: A JOHANNESBURG UN RIENTRO PER IL  SISTEMA ITALIA</h2>
<p class="contentMain" align="justify"><em>Da un lancio ApCom di ieri, venerdì 6  luglio 2007</em></p>
<p>Non è un arrivo ma un rientro in Sudafrica quello che  prepara l&#8217;Italia con la missione di Confindustria e Ice da lunedì prossimo, a  partire da Johannesburg: lo sottolinea il ministro del Commercio Estero Emma  Bonino. Ma un rientro che &#8220;indica la rinascita dell&#8217;interesse dell&#8217;Italia per  l&#8217;Africa&#8221;, come anche la visita in Ghana del presidente Napolitano negli stessi  giorni &#8220;e la presenza di Prodi in Etiopia&#8221; a gennaio. &#8220;Bisogna tenere presente  che in Sudafrica fino agli anni Ottanta la presenza italiana era molto forte&#8221;,  dice Bonino a Apcom.</p>
<p>&#8220;Oggi c&#8217;è una volontà di ritorno nel senso di  approfondimento&#8221; in Sudafrica &#8220;c&#8217;è una memoria storica importante. Ci sono  italiani radicati nel paese che hanno una storia straordinaria&#8221;, e ricorda il  settore della viticoltura ma anche Salvatore Sarno, il trapanese trapiantato a  Cape Town che ha allestito per la Coppa America la barca sudafricana  &#8220;Shosholoza&#8221;. In lingua zulu, &#8220;andiamo avanti&#8221;; quasi un monito.</p>
<p>La  delegazione di Confindustria, che nella prima giornata a Johannesburg è  accompagnata non solo da Bonino ma dal ministro degli Esteri d&#8217;Alema, conta 135  imprese, &#8220;medie e grandi ma anche piccole&#8221;, e soprattutto i rappresentanti di  tante banche, &#8220;una presenza fondamentale&#8221; ricorda Bonino soprattutto per  accompagnare le Pmi in una avventura africana. &#8220;Parmalat c&#8217;è già, come anche la  Fiat. Ci si può muovere in tanti settori, dalle infrastrutture alle tecnologie  ai sistemi più noti di produzione italiana, per esempio i  macchinari&#8221;.</p>
<p>L&#8217;importante è tornare: perché il Sudafrica, ricorda Bonino,  &#8220;ha il 40% della produzione industriale africana e il 25% del pil del  continente. Riteniamo che possa far parte a pieno titolo dei cosiddetti paesi  emergenti&#8221;. Anche se un handicap grosso c&#8217;è: &#8220;non c&#8217;è un collegamento diretto.  Tutte le grandi capitali hanno voli diretti sul Sudafrica. Parigi, Madrid,  Berlino, Londra&#8230;tutti tranne noi&#8221;. Fragilità che colpisce ovviamente anche il  settore turistico e in modo non indifferente.</p>
<p>Ma il continente non è solo  Sudafrica e &#8220;il mercato africano è molto variegato&#8221;. La strategia di  penetrazione geografica dell&#8217;Ice, dettaglia Bonino, prevede l&#8217;apertura di una  sede l&#8217;anno prossimo non solo a Capetown ma in altri punti nodali per il futuro  del continente: Addis Abeba, come sede dell&#8217;Unione Africana, e la capitale  angolana Luanda. Per creare una struttura di partenza degli investitori; &#8220;sempre  nella speranza di essere accompagnati dalla rete bancaria&#8221;; per questo la folta  rappresentanza di istituti di credito in partenza con Confindustria sembra  importante al ministro.</p>
<p>Anche nella prospettiva commerciale, Bonino  accompagna Massimo D&#8217;Alema nelle due successive tappe della missione che si  estenderà per loro, dopo il Sudafrica, in Mozambico e Repubblica Democratica del  Congo. &#8220;Le economie del Mozambico e del Sudafrica si stanno integrando&#8221; rileva  Bonino e ricorda l&#8217;importanza del processo democratico a Maputo, con il ruolo  cruciale di mediatore nel processo di pace giocato da Aldo Ajello, all&#8217;epoca  inviato italiano delle Nazioni Unite e in seguito inviato dell&#8217;Unione Europea  anche a Kinshasa. Se il Mozambico è una realtà in crescita, il Congo di Joseph  Kabila &#8220;è un paese dalla transizione ancora fragile; andiamo per verificare&#8221;. E  per analizzare le possibilità del futuro in questa porzione d&#8217;Africa ricchissima  di materie prime dove, osserva il ministro, &#8220;le potenzialità sono  enormi&#8221;.</p>
<p>Missione in ogni caso che ha un doppio taglio economico e  politico. Il Sudafrica è come l&#8217;Italia per il biennio 2007-2008 nel Consiglio di  Sicurezza dell&#8217;Onu, partner importante nella ricerca di alleati per la moratoria  contro la pena di morte all&#8217;Assemblea del Palazzo di Vetro. &#8220;E&#8217; un tema che  tratteremo&#8221; promette Bonino. &#8220;Ma in Sudafrica è già acquisito da tempo; si  tratta solo di formalizzare la volontà di essere cosponsor dell&#8217;iniziativa  italiana, una volontà espressa già tempo fa. Si trattarà piuttosto di riscaldare  il Mozambico. Non ha detto di no, ma ancora non ha preso impegni precisi&#8221;.</p>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2007 22:05:34 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>I RIFORMISTI E LE PENSIONI, QUELLI VERI NON CI STANNO</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2007 17:12:14 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[I RIFORMISTI E LE PENSIONI, QUELLI VERI NON CI STANNO Il Sole 24 Ore &#8211; 4 luglio 2007 Riforme e controriforme di Guido Gentili Prima o poi la resa dei conti arriva. Netta, spogliata di ogni possibile, ulteriore mediazione. E&#8217; il caso della riforma delle pensioni, che pencola ormai dal lato sbagliato, quello che porta [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=64&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>I RIFORMISTI E LE PENSIONI, QUELLI VERI NON CI STANNO</strong></p>
<p><em>Il  Sole 24 Ore &#8211; 4 luglio 2007</p>
<p>Riforme e  controriforme</em></p>
<p><strong>di Guido Gentili</strong></p>
<p>Prima o poi la  resa dei conti arriva. Netta, spogliata di ogni possibile, ulteriore mediazione.  E&#8217; il caso della riforma delle pensioni, che pencola ormai dal lato sbagliato,  quello che porta al (costoso) &#8220;superamento&#8221; dello &#8220;scalone&#8221; Maroni e apre le  porte ad un futuro maligno perle nuove generazioni. I riformisti di ogni  latitudine, ma soprattutto quelli che albergano nella maggioranza di Governo e  che puntano ad un Partito democratico moderno, dovrebbero prenderne atto con una  prova di realismo.<br />
Non è più tempo di sopraccigli alzati, di allarmi  preventivi, di moniti sui rischi del dopodomani. È tempo, semmai, di stabilire  un punto fermo, assumendosi quelle responsabilità che sono state già prospettate  all`opinione pubblica. Meglio un taglio netto, ma limpido, cioè una crisi di  Governo, che una crisi politica opaca e strisciante. Meglio, insomma, dire  chiaro e tondo: a queste condizioni non ci stiamo, né al Governo né nella  maggioranza. Punto e stop.<br />
Inutile usare giri di parole. Dopo un anno di  rinvii e proposte rientrate puntualmente nel cassetto (come quella dei  &#8220;disincentivi&#8221;, per un momento fatta intravedere dallo stesso premier Prodi)  stiamo tornando indietro. Dal primo gennaio 2008, se passerà la linea che al  momento sembra prevalente nell`Esecutivo, si potrà andare inpensione a 58 anni  invece che ai 60 fissati dalla legge Maroni e per tre anni saranno previsti  incentivi (già dimostratisi inefficaci) per chi vorrà rimanere al lavoro.<br />
Non sono stati sufficienti i richiami dell`Europa, che ancora ieri ha  invitato l`Italia ad impegnarsi di più sulla strada del rigore. Non è  sufficiente constatare che in Francia si va in pensione a 60 anni con 40 anni di  contributi e che in Germania è stata fatta una riforma che alza l`età a 67 anni.  Non è sufficiente rammentare che lo &#8220;scalone&#8221;, ancorché il salto sia brusco,  significa un contenimento cumulato della spesa fino al 2013 pari a circa 40  miliardi di euro e di 9 su base annua già a partire dal 2009. La sinistra  massimalista e i sindacati premono, costi quel che costi. Lo &#8220;scalone&#8221; va  superato se non cancellato del tutto. Eppure, dice il vicepremier e ministro  degli Esteri D`Alema, «non abbiamo soldi per abolire lo scalone».<br />
Aggiunge  il collega Di Pietro: «A 58 o 60 anni le persone sono in piena efficienza  psico-fisica, non si può pesare sulle spalle delle generazioni future». Taglia  corto il ministro Bonino: «Superare lo scalone spendendo tra i 5 e i 7 miliardi  per un problema che riguarda 120 mila persone è una follia». Follia, sì. Ma  talmente a buon prezzo che anche la voce dei ministri più raziocinanti (a  proposito: la solitudine &#8220;tecnica&#8221; del Ministro dell`Economia Padoa-Schioppa gli  consentirebbe ben più di un`accorta navigazione a vista) viene sommersa dai  diktat di chi, come la (forte) sinistra più conservatrice, in aspra competizione  con quella riformista (molto più debole), usa il terreno delle pensioni e dei  Dpef per giocare di sponda con la maggiore organizazione sindacale del Paese, la  Cgil. Nel mezzo, Prodi cerca di sopravvivere, usando la carta della mediazione  ad oltranza, tra annunci di &#8220;svolte&#8221; e rinvii che si moltiplicano in parallelo  con l`emersione di difficoltà su ogni fronte.<br />
Insomma, è naturale che in  questo quadro non si pensi al futuro. E le pensioni sono il futuro. Perché non  ricordare che proprio Prodi, ai tempi del primo Governo Berlusconi nel 1994,  sottoscrisse l`appello del premio Nobel Franco Modigliani per un rigorosa e non  rinviabile riforma della previdenza e contro i veti del sindacato? Non è stato  proprio Prodi, nel 1996, a dire che la riforma delle pensioni doveva partire  «dieci anni prima»? E non è stato D`Alema, nel 1998, aripetere l`identico  concetto?<br />
Eccoci nel 2007, a parlare di quanti miliardi di euro vanno  bruciati sull`altare dello &#8220;scalone&#8221; in vista dí una sostanziale controriforma  della previdenza che sta lasciando senza fiato anche Bruxelles. Ne trarranno  tutte le conseguenze i riformisti della coalizione di Governo? Che dicono, ad  esempio, i senatori Dini e Morando e il ministro Mastella? E che ne dice  Veltroni, leader in pectore del Partito democratico, del fatto che il &#8220;patto  generazionale&#8221; sta per essere tradito una volta di più?<br />
Gli astuti  galleggiamenti non servono. Serve una risposta politica nitida, comprensibile,  coerente con la scala dei valori riformisti che vengono dichiarati.  Nell`interesse del Paese.</p>
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		<title>PENSIONI: SELEZIONE ARTICOLI APPARSI OGGI SUI MAGGIORI QUOTIDIANI</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2007 17:11:29 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[di Francesco Giavazzi Oggi in Italia vi sono tre anziani, persone dai 65 anni in su, ogni dieci persone in età di lavoro, 15-64 anni. Fra quindici anni vene saranno quattro; nel 2050, quando i nostri figli vorranno andare in pensione, sette. Cioè dieci persone in età di lavoro dovranno produrre abbastanza per sostenerne, oltre [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=63&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>di Francesco Giavazzi</strong></p>
<p>Oggi in Italia vi sono tre anziani,  persone dai 65 anni in su, ogni dieci persone in età di lavoro, 15-64 anni. Fra  quindici anni vene saranno quattro; nel 2050, quando i nostri figli vorranno  andare in pensione, sette. Cioè dieci persone in età di lavoro dovranno produrre  abbastanza per sostenerne, oltre 17 (oltre, perché ci saranno anche dei bambini  e dei ragazzi in età inferiore ai sedici anni). Ma in Italia, come si sa, la  partecipazione al mercato del lavoro è molto bassa: non tutte quelle dieci  persone in età di lavoro lavoreranno. Si stima così che nel 2050 ogni lavoratore  dovrà sostenere più di due persone: se stesso, un anziano e forse anche un  bambino. E` evidente che a quel punto o si lavorerà più a lungo, ben oltre i 65  anni, oppure la pensione non garantirà più una vecchiaia dignitosa.<br />
E`  giusto che oggi si vada in pensione a 57 anni, sapendo che i nostri figli  dovranno lavorare fino ai settanta? In Spagna e Olanda il limite d&#8217;età è 65  anni; in Svezia 65 anni con 40 anni di contributi; in Germania,63 anni e 35 anni  di contributi; in Francia, dal 1° gennaio, si dovrà aver versato 40 anni di  contributi; in Svizzera 65 anni e 44 di contributi. Si legge a pagina 169 del  programma elettorale dell&#8217;Unione: «Con la tendenza all&#8217;aumento della vita media,  l&#8217;allungamento graduale della carriera lavorativa dovrebbe diventare un fatto  fisiologico». Appunto!<br />
Dal 1° gennaio prossimo entrerà in vigore la legge  Maroni che innalza da 57 a 60 anni l&#8217;età minima per andare in pensione con 35  anni di contributi. La legge è stata approvata nel 2004, con tre anni di  anticipo rispetto all&#8217;entrata in vigore. Questo perché il governo Berlusconi  accettò la richiesta dei sindacati di un congruo preavviso. I tre anni di  preavviso sono trascorsi ed è venuto il momento di applicare ciò che prevede la  legge.<br />
I sindacati, che pure avevano accettato la legge Maroni, ora esigono  un nuovo slittamento dei tempi che consenta una maggior gradualità nel  cambiamento delle regole. Ma se preferivano un innalzamento graduale dell&#8217;età di  pensione, perché non lo hanno accettato tre anni fa? Oggi saremmo arrivati  all&#8217;età minima di 60 anni senza scaloni. La verità, come ha scritto Tito Boeri  su La Stampa &#8211; e sostenuto Emma Bonino ieri a Roma &#8211; è che sindacati e sinistra  radicale non vogliono alcun innalzamento dell&#8217;età: preferiscono un gigantesco  scalone dai 57 a 70 anni &#8211; purché non si applichi a noi ma solo ai nostri figli.<br />
Spesso i governi di sinistra che hanno più successo sono quelli preceduti da  un governo di destra. Il motivo è che la destra è meno condizionata dai  sindacati e spesso questo le consente di risolvere questioni &#8211; mercato del  lavoro, pensioni &#8211; che per la sinistra è più complicato affrontare. Il decennio  di Tony Blair non avrebbe ottenuto valutazioni tanto favorevoli se prima di lui  non avesse governato Margaret Thatcher. Lo stesso sta accadendo in Spagna a José  Luis Zapatero, che governa sull&#8217;onda delle riforme varate da José Maria Aznar. A  Parigi i socialisti più intelligenti sperano che il tentativo di Sarkozy di  trasformare la Francia, dal mercato del lavoro alle università, abbia successo  per poi ereditare un Paese trasformato. Romano Prodi non ha questa fortuna:  Berlusconi, nonostante l&#8217;ampia maggioranza in Parlamento, ha per lo più sprecato  occasioni, soprattutto quando si trattava di liberalizzare l&#8217;economia. Ma in due  aree il centro-destra ha varato riforme significative: nel mercato del lavoro,  con la legge Biagi e sulle pensioni con la legge Maroni. In entrambi i casi  basta applicare leggi già in vigore. Si può essere tanto miopi da non seguire  l&#8217;esempio di Blair e Zapatero e gettare al vento questa occasione?</p>
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		<title>LEGGE BIAGI/MONTEZEMOLO</title>
		<link>http://partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com/2007/07/04/legge-biagimontezemolo/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2007 17:08:18 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[LEGGE BIAGI/MONTEZEMOLO: VA COMPLETATA MA NON CANCELLATA Da un lancio ANSA del 4 luglio 2007 &#8220;La legge Biagi è una riforma importante che va nel senso giusto, va completata con moderni ammortizzatori sociali, ma guai a mettere mano per motivi ideologici a qualcosa che funziona&#8221;. Lo ha detto il presidente della Confindustria, Luca Cordero di [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=62&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 class="pageTitle" align="left">LEGGE BIAGI/MONTEZEMOLO: VA COMPLETATA MA NON  CANCELLATA</h2>
<p class="contentMain" align="justify"><em>Da un lancio ANSA del 4 luglio 2007</em></p>
<p>&#8220;La legge Biagi è una riforma importante che va nel senso giusto, va  completata con moderni ammortizzatori sociali, ma guai a mettere mano per motivi  ideologici a qualcosa che funziona&#8221;. Lo ha detto il presidente della  Confindustria, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, durante l&#8217;assemblea dell&#8217;Unione  Industriale di Torino, alla quale hanno partecipato la vicepresidente Emma  Marcegaglia e il ministro per le Politiche Comunitarie, Emma Bonino.<br />
&#8220;Voglio  ringraziare il ministro a nome degli imprenditori italiani &#8211; ha aggiunto  Montezemolo &#8211; per tre motivi. Primo, l&#8217;impegno nell&#8217;attività internazionale, sia  interna sia con le missioni. Poi per la sua coerente cultura industriale non  totalmente condivisa in tutte le aree di maggioranza e di opposizione. Terzo,  per la condivisione su due grandi temi importanti: la legge Biagi e le  pensioni&#8221;.</p>
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		<title>Artificial life</title>
		<link>http://partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com/2007/06/26/artificial-life/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:27:08 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Artificial life Patent pending Jun 14th 2007 From The Economist print edition Move over Dolly. Synthia is on her way   YOU have to hand it to Craig Venter, he is not someone who thinks small. The latest adventure of the man who was the first to sequence the genome of a living organism (three [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=61&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="fly-title"><span>Artificial life</span></p>
<h1><span>Patent pending</span></h1>
<p class="info"><span>Jun 14th 2007<br />
From <em>The Economist</em> print edition</span></p>
<h2><span>Move over Dolly. Synthia is on her way</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p><span>YOU have to hand it to Craig Venter, he is not someone who thinks small. The latest adventure of the man who was the first to sequence the genome of a living organism (three weeks after his grant request to do so was rejected on the grounds it was impossible), the first to publish the genome of an identifiable human being (himself) and the first to conceive the idea of sequencing the genome of an entire ecosystem (and to enjoy a nice cruise across the Pacific Ocean in his yacht while he did so) is curiously reminiscent of the incident that made him a controversial figure in the first place. That was when, 16 years ago, he attempted to patent parts of several hundred genes—the first time anyone had tried to take out a patent on more than one gene at a time.</span></p>
<p><span>This time, he is proposing to patent not merely a few genes, but life itself. Not all of life, of course. At least, not yet. Rather, he has applied for a patent on the synthetic bacterium that he and his colleagues Clyde Hutchison and Hamilton Smith have been working on for the past few years.</span></p>
<p><span>The patent application itself was filed without fanfare some eight months ago. But it was only at the end of May that the slowly grinding bureaucracy of America&#8217;s patent office got round to publishing it. The central claim is to what Dr Venter calls the “minimal bacterial genome”. This is a list of the 381 genes he thinks are needed to keep an organism alive. The list has been assembled by taking the organism he first sequenced, <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em>, and knocking out each of its 470 genes to see which ones it can manage without. The theory—and the claim made by the patent—is that by synthesising a string of <span class="scaps">DNA</span> that has all 381 of these genes, and then putting it inside a “ghost cell” consisting of a cell membrane, along with the bits and pieces of molecular machinery that are needed to read genes and translate them into proteins, an artificial organism will have been created.</span></p>
<p><span>Given that the ghost cell will be an enucleated natural bacterium rather than a synthetic structure in its own right, the new bug will not be a completely man-made creature. Nevertheless, if the three researchers can pull it off, they will have achieved an impressive piece of genetic engineering—or, rather, of synthetic biology as this high end of the field is now usually called. And there is every reason to believe that they will be able to pull it off. In 2003 the same team, working then as now at Dr Venter&#8217;s research institute in Rockville,  Maryland, were the first to produce a truly viable synthetic virus. And techniques have moved on since then.</span></p>
<p><span>The patent does not claim that an organism based on the minimal bacterial genome has yet been made—and it hasn&#8217;t. It is more a question of the Venter Institute getting its retaliations in first. Nevertheless, the mere filing of the patent has upset some people. Among the dischuffed is <span class="scaps">ETC</span> Group, a Canadian bioethics organisation whose eagle-eyed spotters noticed the publication of patent 20070122826 last week. They have asked Dr Venter to withdraw the patent—and, on the assumption that he will not, have also asked the patent office to reject it on the grounds that it is contrary to public morality and safety. </span></p>
<p><span class="scaps"><span>ETC</span></span><span>&#8216;s objections seem twofold, and also slightly contradictory. One objection is that the patent&#8217;s claims are too widely drawn. It attempts, for example, to reserve the right to any method of hydrogen or ethanol production that uses such an organism. (Dr Venter thinks synthetic biology is going to be important as a way of making fuels.) It also, bizarrely, claims an interest in the genes the three researchers have identified as non-essential, as well as the essential ones.</span></p>
<p><span>To the extent that sweeping claims may stifle innovation, these are certainly things that need to be considered. However, the more profound objection <span class="scaps">ETC</span> has seems to be based on the idea that there are areas where mankind should not meddle. As Pat Mooney, the group&#8217;s boss, put it, “For the first time, God has competition.” No doubt Dr Venter, hardly famous as a shrinking violet, will be amused by the comparison.</span></p>
<p><span class="scaps"><span>ETC</span></span><span>&#8216;s argument has some force. Synthetic biology is developing fast and it is easy to see it being used out of malice. That said, one of the advantages of a minimal genome is that the genes removed, while not essential for survival, are essential for robustness. A bug relying on such a genome could not possibly live in the wild if it accidentally escaped. Also, the biologists in the field are as concerned as anybody that the subject develops safely. They have been asking for regulation rather than resisting it, and have already established codes of conduct to try to stop the malicious synthesis of pathogens.</span></p>
<p><span>Nevertheless, <span class="scaps">ETC</span> is hoping to provoke a debate. And to give people a name to hang on to in that debate it suggests nicknaming <em>Mycoplasma laboratorium</em>, as the application calls the putative invention, as “Synthia”. The organisation hopes this name will stick in the popular consciousness in the way that Ian Wilmutt&#8217;s cloned sheep Dolly did. Indeed, it is rather a good name. Given the affection that Dolly attracted once the shock of her existence had been absorbed, perhaps Dr Venter—himself no slouch at publicity—will adopt it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
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		<title>Turkey&#8217;s Kurds</title>
		<link>http://partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com/2007/06/26/turkeys-kurds/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:25:12 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Turkey&#8216;s Kurds Guns and votes Jun 21st 2007 &#124; BATMAN AND DIYARBAKIR From The Economist print edition Pre-election tension is rising among the Kurds of Turkey&#8217;s south-east   A GOLD-PLATED pistol in one hand, worry beads in the other, Hazim Babat sits at the foot of the mountain range that separates Turkey from Iraq and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=60&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="fly-title"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Turkey</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">&#8216;s Kurds</span></p>
<h1><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Guns and votes</span></h1>
<p class="info"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Jun 21st 2007 | BATMAN AND DIYARBAKIR<br />
From <em><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Economist</span></em> print edition</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pre-election tension is rising among the Kurds of Turkey&#8217;s south-east</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A GOLD-PLATED pistol in one hand, worry beads in the other, Hazim Babat sits at the foot of the mountain range that separates Turkey from Iraq and contemplates war. He is the chieftain of the Babat clan, which is fighting alongside the Turkish armed forces against the Kurdistan Workers Party (<span class="scaps">PKK)</span> separatist guerrillas. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For years the Babats hunted <span class="scaps">PKK</span> militants in Iraq with the help of <em><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Peshmerga </span></em>warriors from the Kurdistan Democratic Party (<span class="scaps">KDP</span>) from northern Iraq, led by Massoud Barzani. “The <span class="scaps">PKK</span> slaughtered our women, our babies, they are going to pay the price,” vows Mr Babat.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">But times have changed and the Kurds are beginning to unite, wherever they live. Nowhere is this truer than in northern Iraq where, with American support, as many as 4m Kurds have come closer to achieving full-blown independence than ever before. Mr Barzani, who runs the Kurdish-controlled enclave, declares that the days of Kurdish fratricide are over. He refuses to let Turkish soldiers overrun his territory in order to attack the <span class="scaps">PKK</span>. “Turkey&#8217;s real problem”, Mr Barzani opined recently, “is that the Kurds exist at all.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Despite its repeated calls for cross-border action against the <span class="scaps">PKK</span>, the army&#8217;s real target may be the quasi-independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq. The generals see an independent Kurdish state as an existential threat because it would stoke separatist passions among Turkey&#8217;s 14m-odd Kurds. They are “willing to prevent its emergence no matter the price”, asserts Ibrahim Guclu, a veteran Kurdish politician. “Yet the harder they push, the closer together they drive the Iraqi and Turkish Kurds,” he adds. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mindful of America&#8217;s opposition and of Kurdish votes, Turkey&#8217;s mildly Islamist prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has ruled out any incursion, at least before the general election on July 22nd. Yet Turkish forces continue to mass along the Iraqi border. The beefed-up army presence is palpable in Sirnak, one of three border provinces in which no-go “security zones” have been declared. Turkish soldiers in armoured personnel-carriers point guns at passers-by. Attack helicopters clatter overhead. In the regional capital of Diyarbakir, your correspondent counted no fewer than nine <span class="scaps">F</span>-16 fighter jets screeching towards Sirnak within the space of 20 minutes. The <span class="scaps">PKK</span> is hitting back, murdering soldiers and civilians alike. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ayla Akat, a human-rights lawyer who is standing for election in Batman for the pro-Kurdish Democratic Turkey Party (<span class="scaps">DTP)</span>, concedes that the violence is fuelling anti-Kurdish feelings throughout Turkey. She points to the attempted lynching this month of two Kurdish seasonal workers in the western province  of Sakarya. Yet if the government were to accept the <span class="scaps">PKK</span>&#8216;s demands to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language, offer amnesty to <span class="scaps">PKK </span>fighters and allow their leaders to seek asylum in Europe, “the Kurdish problem would be solved”, she says. “Is anyone talking about independence?”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In 2005, emboldened by the European Union&#8217;s decision to open membership talks, Mr Erdogan explored a possible deal that would accommodate the Iraqi Kurds too. But he was forced to back off under pressure from the army. In the same year Mr Erdogan became the first Turkish leader ever to admit that the state had made “mistakes” in dealing with the Kurds. His words cemented his Justice and Development (<span class="scaps">AK)</span> Party, whose Islamic credentials play well with millions of pious Kurds, as the <span class="scaps">DTP</span>&#8216;s main rival in the south-east.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“My people are going to vote for Erdogan because he wants the European Union, and <span class="scaps">EU</span> membership is the panacea for separatism,” says Cemil Oter, a tribal leader who has lost 40 men to the <span class="scaps">PKK</span>. But hopes of membership are fading as <span class="scaps">EU </span>bigwigs, led by France&#8217;s new president, Nicolas Sarkozy, lobby against Turkish entry. <span class="scaps">EU</span>-inspired reforms that helped to win Turkey its prized date for membership talks are being quietly rolled back.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The effects are being felt in Diyarbakir, where a local mayor and his entire council were barred from office last week for using Kurdish as well as Turkish to communicate with their constituents. Abdullah Demirbas had already annoyed the authorities by erecting a monument in memory of Ahmet Kaymaz, a Kurdish lorry driver, and his 12-year-old son, who were gunned down outside their home in the town of Kiziltepe in 2004 on the grounds that they were “terrorists”.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">All four members of the special forces who were implicated in the killings were exonerated by a court in April, proving that “there is rarely justice for the Kurds”, says Tahir Elci, a lawyer who defended the Kaymaz family. Mr Elci is now facing up to three years in prison for criticising the court. Meanwhile, reports of torture have risen sharply, because new regulations allow detainees to be denied access to a lawyer during the first 24 hours of interrogation by police.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">All these things help to swell <span class="scaps">PKK</span> ranks. The trouble is that the rebels&#8217; new tactics—setting off landmines and planting explosives—have caught the army off guard. Abdullah Gul, the Turkish foreign minister, revealed last week that security forces seized two tonnes of plastic explosives smuggled by the <span class="scaps">PKK</span> from Iraq in 2006 alone. Mr Gul said that “making compromises over democracy in the name of fighting terrorism” was “a trap that should not be contemplated”. But with each Turkish soldier killed fighting the <span class="scaps">PKK</span>, Turks&#8217; enthusiasm for democracy, and for the <span class="scaps">EU</span>, gets harder to preserve.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><br /> </span><span></span></p>
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		<title>The RNA revolution</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:23:47 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[The RNA revolution Biology&#8217;s Big Bang Jun 14th 2007 From The Economist print edition What physics was to the 20th century, biology will be to the 21st—and RNA will be a vital part of it   NATURE is full of surprises. When atoms were first proved to exist (and that was a mere century ago), [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=partitogiovanifoggia.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1243212&amp;post=59&amp;subd=partitogiovanifoggia&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="fly-title"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The RNA revolution</span></p>
<h1><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Biology&#8217;s Big Bang</span></h1>
<p class="info"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Jun 14th 2007</span></p>
<p class="info"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><br />
From <em><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Economist</span></em> print edition</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-family:Verdana;">What physics was to the 20th century, biology will be to the 21st—and RNA will be a vital part of it</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">NATURE is full of surprises. When atoms were first proved to exist (and that was a mere century ago), they were thought to be made only of electrons and protons. That explained a lot, but it did not quite square with other observations. Then, in 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron. Suddenly everything made sense—so much sense that it took only another 13 years to build an atomic bomb.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">It is probably no exaggeration to say that biology is now undergoing its “neutron moment”. For more than half a century the fundamental story of living things has been a tale of the interplay between genes, in the form of <span class="scaps">DNA</span>, and proteins, which the genes encode and which do the donkey work of keeping living organisms living. The past couple of years, however, have seen the rise and rise of a third type of molecule, called <span class="scaps">RNA</span>. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The analogy is not perfect. Unlike the neutron, <span class="scaps">RNA</span> has been known about for a long time. Until the past couple of years, however, its role had seemed restricted to fetching and carrying for <span class="scaps">DNA</span> and proteins. Now <span class="scaps">RNA</span> looks every bit as important as those two masters. It may, indeed, be the main regulator of what goes on in a cell—the cell&#8217;s operating system, to draw a computing analogy—as well as the author of many other activities (see <a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9333471"><span style="color:#6291a5;text-decoration:none;">article</span></a>). As important, molecular biologists have gone from thinking that they know roughly what is going on in their subject to suddenly realising that they have barely a clue.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">That might sound a step backwards; in fact, it is how science works. The analogy with physics is deeper than just that between <span class="scaps">RNA</span> and the neutron. There is in biology at the moment a sense of barely contained expectations reminiscent of the physical sciences at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a feeling of advancing into the unknown, and that where this advance will lead is both exciting and mysterious.</span></p>
<h2><a name="know_thine_enemy"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Know thine enemy</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">As Samuel Goldwyn so wisely advised, never make predictions—especially about the future. But here is one: the analogy between 20th-century physics and 21st-century biology will continue, for both good and ill. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Physics gave two things to the 20th century. The most obvious gift was power over nature. That power was not always benign, as the atomic bomb showed. But if the 20th century was distinguished by anything from its predecessors, that distinctive feature was physical technology, from motor cars and aeroplanes to computers and the internet. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">It is too early to be sure if the distinguishing feature of the 21st century will be biological technology, but there is a good chance that it will be. Simple genetic engineering is now routine; indeed, the first patent application for an artificial living organism has recently been filed (see <a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9333408"><span style="color:#6291a5;text-decoration:none;">article</span></a>). Both the idea of such an organism and the idea that someone might own the rights to it would have been science fiction even a decade ago. And it is not merely that such things are now possible. The other driving force of technological change—necessity—is also there. Many of the big problems facing humanity are biological, or are susceptible to biological intervention. The question of how to deal with an ageing population is one example. Climate change, too, is intimately bound up with biology since it is the result of carbon dioxide going into the air faster than plants can remove it. And the risk of a new, lethal infection suddenly becoming pandemic as a result of modern transport links (see<a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9340488"><span style="color:#6291a5;text-decoration:none;"> article</span></a>) is as biological as it gets. Even the fact that such an infection might itself be the result of synthetic biology only emphasises the biological nature of future risks.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">At the moment, policymakers have inadequate technological tools to deal with these questions. But it is not hard to imagine such tools. Ageing is directly biological. It probably cannot be stopped, but knowing how cells work—really knowing—will allow the process to be transformed for the better. At least part of the answer to climate change is fuel that grows, rather than fuel that is dug up. Only biotechnology can create that. And infections, pandemic or otherwise, are best dealt with by vaccines, which take a long time to develop. If cells were truly understood, that process might speed up to the point where the vaccine was ready in time to do something useful. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">But physics gave the 20th century a more subtle boon than mere power. It also brought an understanding of the vastness of the universe and humanity&#8217;s insignificant place in it. It allowed people, in William Blake&#8217;s phrase, to hold infinity in the palm of a hand, and eternity in an hour.</span></p>
<h2><a name="know_thyself"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Know thyself</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Biology, though, does more than describe humanity&#8217;s place in the universe. It describes humanity itself. And here, surprisingly, the rise of <span class="scaps">RNA</span> may be an important part of that description. Ever since the human-genome project was completed, it has puzzled biologists that animals, be they worms, flies or people, all seem to have about the same number of genes for proteins—around 20,000. Yet flies are more complex than worms, and people are more complex than either. Traditional genes are thus not as important as proponents of human nature had suspected nor as proponents of nurture had feared. Instead, the solution to the puzzle seems to lie in the <span class="scaps">RNA</span> operating system of the cells. This gets bigger with each advance in complexity. And it is noticeably different in a human from that in the brain of a chimpanzee.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">If <span class="scaps">RNA</span> is controlling the complexity of the whole organism, that suggests the operating system of each cell is not only running the cell in question, but is linking up with those of the other cells when a creature is developing. To push the analogy, organs such as the brain are the result of a biological internet. If that is right, the search for the essence of humanity has been looking in the wrong genetic direction.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Of course, such results are speculative and primitive. But that is the point. Lord Rutherford, who proved that atoms exist, knew nothing of neutrons. Chadwick knew nothing of quarks, let alone supersymmetry. Modern biologists are equally ignorant. But eventually, the truth will out.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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